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Thermal separation processes play a crucial role in the treatment and purification of chemicals. These processes commonly involve two liquid phases or a liquid and a gas. The most widely used techniques include extraction, absorption, desorption (or stripping), distillation, and rectification.

Effective separation relies on mass transfer between two phases, such as between a liquid and a gas. To maintain a compact equipment design, it is essential to maximize the mass transfer surface within the smallest possible volume. This is achieved using columns equipped with specialized internals in thermal process engineering.

The core of these columns consists of structured internals that enhance mass transfer efficiency. These include:

• Packings: Either random or structured, providing the necessary surface for mass transfer.
• Trays: Such as bubble-cap or sieve trays, ensuring proper phase interaction.

To optimize performance, additional internal components ensure uniform liquid distribution across all surfaces. These include:

• Liquid distributors: Evenly spreading the fluid across the column cross-section.
• Wall wipers: Redirecting liquid from the column walls back into the packing.
• Demisters: Preventing droplet carryover at the top of the column.
• Collectors: Capturing reflux liquid for removal or redistribution.
• Vortex breakers and lower-end collectors: Ensuring reliable liquid drainage.